Monday, October 24, 2011

Earthing Practice by Trevor Charlton

Earthing Practice by Trevor Charlton

  • Methods of Earthing Power Quality E-library
  • Earth Conductors
  • Electrical interference
  • Lightning Protection

Power Quality and Utilisation Guide

The PQ E-library is a collection of electronic technical reference documents covering introduction, costs, harmonics, resilience, voltage disturbances, earthing, energy efficiency and renewables/distributed generation

Copper Development Association

  • Educational Resources
  • Computers cannot work without copper
  • Electricity in buildings

Copper Development Association Website for information on Copper and Copper Alloys

Also See- Good Earthing Prevents Shocks

Wednesday, October 19, 2011

Measure resistance and capacitance without an A/D

This article describes how to measure values of a variable resistor or a variable capacitor using a microcontroller to measure the RC charge time to a constant threshold voltage. A variety of these "one-shot" circuits are described and the accuracy of the various methods is measured. Sample programs for the 87C51 family are presented at the end of the article.

Measure resistance and capacitance without an A/D

The old "one-shot" monostable multivibrator circuit has been around since the discovery of the electron. Popular IC versions of this variable pulse width generator include the 74123 and the famous (Philips) Signetics NE555 timer. These circuits use the time to charge a capacitor to a predefined voltage as their time delay. If the threshold voltage is 1-1/e (e is the natural log base), then the time delay in seconds is exactly the product of the resistance in ohms and the capacitance in Farads (t=RC). This is a linear equation and it can be used to measure an unknown value of R if C and t are known. The purpose of this article is to describe ways to measure a RESISTANCE by using this technique with an 80C51 type of microcontroller.

by Don Sherman AN449 - NXP Application Notes

Active Filter Design with OpAmps

This is yet another Application Note of Exar found in- "Applications Data Book" June 1981. The Seven Scanned Pages as attachments can be viewed and studied at …

Application Note - AN-03 - Active Filter Design with IC Op-Amps

"This application note is intended to familiarize the filter designer with the fundamentals of active filter design, using monolithic IC op amps. It presents a table of transfer functions and network equations for high-pass, low-pass, band-pass and band-reject filters. Several design examples are given to illustrate the respective merits and limitations of various filter configurations. Particular emphasis is given to applications of programmable quad operational amplifiers, such as the XR-4202, as an active filter element in FSK Modems."

Active Filter Design with IC Op-Amps

Monday, October 17, 2011

EN-Genius Network technical notes

analogZONE now is EN-Genius Network. A Resource for electronic design engineers. Covers power management, analog, acquisition, networking, wireless applications, dsp and programmable logic.

Here are the technical notes an online engineering resource.

There is even a greentechZONE and greenpowerZONE.

EN-Genius Network technical notes

Founded in 2001 under the banner of analogZONE, the expanded site that is EN-Genius Network is the premier source for electronic design engineers working in the fields of power management, audio/video, acquisition, connectivity, networking, wireless applications, dsp, programmable logic, and green engineering.

Sunday, October 16, 2011

Wiley InterScience - Technical Content

Introduced in 1997 and launched commercially in January 1999, Wiley InterScience is a leading international resource for quality content promoting discovery across the spectrum of scientific, technical, medical and professional endeavors.

Wiley InterScience - Technical Content

Related -

CrossRef - Connect users to primary research content, by enabling publishers to work collectively.

CrossRef is an independent membership association, founded and directed by publishers. CrossRef's mandate is to connect users to primary research content, by enabling publishers to work collectively.

Thursday, October 13, 2011

LED Lighting and LED Lamp Drivers

LED Lighting is gradually replacing CFL Lamps because they are more frugal in drawing energy and last many years. These have been around for some years and the technology is progressing. Now LEDs which show the illuminated objects in their true colors (like sunlight) are also coming. Due to the green initiatives of many countries, people have become aware and also implementing these solutions. These become a necessity when you start using Solar Panels for Home Power.

The CFL lamps have reduced the use of the Filament Bulb due to lower power consumption. Now LED lamps may have to replace CFL but it is progressing. Few years ago only Conference Rooms, Media Events or Product Exhibits could afford the LED lighting, it was a Novelty. Now LEDs are affordable and Reliable Driver Solutions are also available.

The problem like in most Tech Learning Curves is now the SMPS drivers for these LED Arrays. The LEDs are reliable, but drive systems are still having problems. Cost effective drive systems from China and other Asian countries, make affordable lighting possible. But due to Quality and Reliability issues, system integrators face implementation problems.

When Mitutoyo the maker of the Best Metric Tools started decades ago, it faced a tough market. In those days, Japanese Goods were known as cheap and low quality in Europe and America. Companies like Mitutoyo, Sony, Misubishi, Hitachi and many more changed the scenario completely. Now Japan is a Symbol of High Quality and New technology Innovations. China and other Asian countries should follow this Golden Example set by Japan and its Products. Every new firm has to go thru those Stages.

A genuine long term commitment to R&D and Quality will build the reputation of Brands, Firms and entire Regions. Anyway, here are some nice resources to help build Drivers and Systems for LED Lighting.

These Semiconductors and Applications are Excellent, the driver systems have to be engineered and perfected by manufacturing and development. A casual or quick results method will backfire. Hence system integrators start by working closely with the vendor (Vendor Development) of Drive Systems. Finally deliver only systems that are Robust and Burnt in. The other option, work with know friendly customers as a Beta Testing and learning phase, till systems reliable for global deliveries.

Highly integrated high power constant current LED driver ICs - Power Integrations

AN-1131: Universal-input (90- 265 VAC) - LED driver using IRS2541

EVALSTSR30-60W - low no-load consumption, high efficiency, complies, world-wide mandatory & voluntary energy saving requirements.

LED's in Lighting. Circuits and Chips National Semiconductor - LED

Speed the design & optimize the performance of your LED driver circuit - Colilcraft LED

Lighting LED Driving Solutions from ROHM ROHM AC/DC DC/DC Modules

The Philbrick Archive and Operational Amplifier

This site is a free non-profit repository of materials from GAP/R George A Philbrick Researches, the company that launched the commercial use of the Operational Amplifier in 1952.

The Philbrick Archive and Operational Amplifier

The first commercial Operational amplifier was the K2-W op-amp. It was based on the amplifier used in the Philbrick modular Analog-Computor "black boxes ". That amplifier's basic circuit architecture, in turn, was probably inspired by an earlier amplifier designed by Loebe Julie (Dan Sheingold and Bob Pease, thanks for helping me with this information). The K2-W Operational Amplifier entered the commercial market in 1952.

Bob Pease's desk circa 1970 at Teledyne-Philbrick, as photographed by student intern Stu Brennan.

From EE Tech Metrics - dapj

Saturday, October 08, 2011

More on Piezoelectric Crystal Oscillator

Crystal Oscillators are the Time Base on a wristwatch or a home clock, analog or digital, Mechanical clocks have become rare due to the Maintenance and Accuracy. Some crystals can change dimensions on a electric force, some generate electricity on Mechanical Strain.

Ceramic Resonators - "The ceramic componets are made of high stability piezoelectric ceramics that functions as a mechanical resonator. The frequency is primary adjusted by the size and thikness of the ceramic element."

In the mechanical gramophone a metal needle and a horn would amplify the sound. When Record players came, the use of magnetic pickups made the needle size a bit smaller but the signal was weak. The crystal type pickups made the needle thinner and the electricity generated by crystal moving on the grooves was large, in mV. A preamp was rarely required. But Equalization preprocessing of audio was needed, to match the ear response. The electric gramophone made LP or Long Playing Record Players possible. It is analogous to DVD having more capacity than CDROM.

Anantha Narayan delabs

"When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known as piezoelectricity."

Crystal Oscillator - Wikipedia

Crystals and Their Applications

Contents

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